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With this exercise, I would like you to use “multitasking” as a focus topic to create a comprehensive document together. Please use our course wiki space http://cecs4100.wikispaces.com/Multitasking  to contribute your research on this topic. Suggested areas of research include but are not limited to the following. Please make sure to include the citations and references in your contributions. Please also include your name at the end of your contribution (e.g., the end of the paragraph) so that I know who the entry is from.

Children are becoming masters of multitasking especially when the subjects come in forms of media. These students are growing up with the ever changing technological world and are multitasking by adapting new routines into their old. For example, students are incorporating old forms of media such as the television, music/radio and even magazines or books into their new forms and routines such as using computers and playing video games and taking advantage of them at the same time. Despite the ever-growing forms of technology, the average 6 ½ hours of time the children spend using them is remaining constant rather than doubling - this is because children are ‘media multitasking.’ [| http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia030905nr.cfm] Cassie Miskulin
 * KIDS AND MULTITASKING:**

Computer multitaskings is a form of multitasking used daily in our world. Our technology has increased so much over the past years that computer multitasking is apart of our daily life individually. Computer Multitasking is known as "method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources." The ability to do many things on the computer at once successfully while allow the computer to do most of the work defines what computer multitasking is. While searching on a topic, instant messaging friends, or writing an email, one is involved in many tasks that create computer multitasking. Sarah Mangum [| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking] [| http://www.bookrags.com/Computer_multitasking]
 * - Computer Multitasking**

Computer Multitasking is a very common way of multitasking which many people take part in every time they are on the computer. Doing research, is one of the biggest ways in which people multitask on the computer. Opening up different tabs and looking up different things at the same time is a very common way of doing research. One could be typing up a paper in Microsoft Word, while looking up inforation on the web. Also, one could be instant messaging someone while in a whole other program on the computer. Computer multitasking is very common and people can do and and not even realize it, but more and more people are finding different ways to multitask on the computer every day. [| http://www.soc.napier.ac.uk/publication/op/getpublication/publicationid/560905] Kathleen Volpe //[Note from Lin: I wasn't able to find your description in the linked article. According to this site [| http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking], computer multitasking refers to "the apparent simultaneous performance of two or more [| tasks] by a computer's [| central processing unit.] " Could you provide a reference to the description you gave above? Thanks!]//
 * · Computer Multitasking:**

Media Multitasking involves using TV, the Web, radio, telephone, print, or any other media in conjunction with another. Also referred to as "simultaneous media use," this behavior has emerged as increasingly common, especicially among younger media users, and has gained significant attention in media usage measurement, especially as a new opportunity for cross-media advertising. Much of this multitasking is not inherently coupled or coordinated except by the user. For example a user may be surfing the Web, using e-mail, or talking on the phone while watching TV. More directly coordinated forms of media multitasking are emerging in the form of "coactive media" and particularly "coactive TV." Laura Morgan [| resource]
 * · Media Multitasking:**

Although all humans think different, multitaking in a part of our everyday life. Most humans don't know the real meaning of multitasking. Multitasking is The ability to execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program. The terms multitasking and multiprocessing are often used interchangeably, although multiprocessing implies that more than one CPU is involved. CPU meaning central processing unit
 * · Human Multitasking: **

Webopedia [| http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7700581] //[Note from Lin: very nice find, Jackie. Thank you!]// Jackie Baldwin

We have an interesting problem that nobody has ever had to figure out before – how do multitasking and technology go together? Not very well according to a BusinessWeek magazine article entitled, “Take a vacation from your BlackBerry: Gadgets may or may not boost productivity, but they sure boost errors and stress”. Inside the piece, two questions were asked: Are these devices really delivering on their promise of heightened productivity? And can gadgets enable one employee to do the work of two? David Greenfield, director of the Center for Internet Studies, says the idea that gadgets make us more efficient “is a scam, and illusion.” This article says that multitasking short-circuits attention spans, so that it takes 50% more time to accomplish even the most basic tasks – and the fact that some technology dilutes performance and increases irritability does not help. Analee Leaverton //Cross with wireless.// By: Lauer, Charles S., Modern Healthcare, 01607480, 12/20/2004, Vol. 34, Issue 51
 * Multitasking and Technology**

Technology allows us to multitask more and with greater ease, however, a UCLA psychologists says, "Multi-tasking affects the brains learning system, and as a result, we do not learn as well when we are distracted." The professor, Russel Poldrack, says that when you learn while multitasking the learning is harder to retrieve in the future. A study was conducted with a group of individuals of the same age and were asked to study two sets of cards. One set of cards they learned without any distractions, while the second set they learned while preforming a task like listening and counting high and low beeps through headphones. The study concluded that initially people could learn either way. However, when the participants were asked about the same cards in a later follow up session they did much better on the cards they learned without distraction than the cards they learned while distracted. [| http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060726083302.htm] (Catherine Drinnon) //[Note from Lin: good description and reference]//
 * · Multitasking and Learning:**

Study: Kids Are Master Multitaskers On TV, Web, Mobile: [| http://publications.mediapost.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Articles.showArticleHomePage&art_aid=78118]
 * Kids and multitasking:**


 * · Multitasking and Cognition:**

Research has been performed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain function and activity while participants learned a new task. The fMRI showed when participants learned without distraction, an area of hte brain known as the hippocampus was involved. This part of the brain is critical in processing and storing information. On the otherhand, when participants learned the same new task while multitasking, the hippocampus was not what was being used, but instead another region of the brain called the striatum. The striatum is involved when learning new skills such as riding a bicycle. Researchers say that the results show that learning while distracted or multitasking alters the brain's learning processes and changes the ways people learn. All of this basically proves that while multitasking when performing certain tasks (e.g. listening to music while exercising) may be helpful, multitasking while trying to learn something new is negatively affection your learning. The best thing to improve your memory is pay attention without distractions to things you want to remember. (Hitti, 2006) //[Very good]//
 * · Multitasking and Brain Research:**

Shannon Gruman


 * · Multitasking and Disabilities:**

Individuals with learning disabilities, such as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) often find it difficult to concentrate on any given task, let alone several at a time. ADD includes a continuous lack of attention, impulsively, hyperactivity and, of course, an inability to multitask. This weakness is a constant struggle to those with high distractibility. However, other individuals with disabilities depend very heavily on their ability to multitask. The blind and visual impaired must be able to listen intently, feel their surroundings and even perhaps use their sense of smell at any given time. For example, when crossing the street, a visually impaired individual would need to use a walking stick or rely on the pull of a guide as well as listen for cars or warnings from other pedestrians. Likewise, people who suffer hearing loss would also need to rely on several senses at once. One might need to comprehend someone else's signs, read lips, and sign for themselves simultaneously. Depending on the disability, some thrive on their ability to multitask, others are hindered by their inability to do so.

-Jacki Brown [| http://www.colorado.edu/disabilityservices/handbook/handbook8.html]

· Multitasking and Attention Span: I believe Multi-tasking can keep your attention on track because you won't get bored doing just one thing. If you are doing more than one activity, you won't get bored as easily, and your mind won't wander. Caitlin Duplantier [ __Note from Lin: good point! Please cite a reference that supports your argument__ ]

Multitasking & Attention Span: In the past, there usually wasn't much trouble getting children to stay still for 30 minutes. In the past 10 years, research has shown that it is very hard to get kids to be still. They feel that this is because people are always wanting to be entertained. This is blamed on the media (example: watching TV). Research says that students loose interest in subjects if they are not bouncing from task to task. School work eventually gets harder-and students have a harder time concentrating on their work the older they get. Because this society is fast-paced, and children do end up doing 2 or 3 tasks at the same time, when it comes down to concentrating on one task, they have trouble. Source: USAToday ( [| http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2005-03-30-kids-attention_x.htm)] Alyson Temple

 Is Multitasking more efficient? Multitasking is also known as using ones executive control. "Executive control involves two distinct, complementary stages: goal shifting and rule activation. Both stages help people unconsciously switch between tasks ( http://www.apa.org/releases/multitasking.html). This article says that multitasking may seem more efficient on the surface but it ends up taking more time in the end. Rachael Shively  http://www.apa.org/releases/multitasking.html

//[Note from Lin: the above link doesn't work. Could you please double check? Thanks. In addition, you might be interested in the following sites, which address similar issues: NPR: Creative Play Makes for Kids in Control [| http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=76838288&sc=emaf] NPR: How Multitasking Affects Human Learning [| http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7700581&sc=emaf] NPR: Old-Fashioned Play Builds Serious Skills // 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Some Advantages to multitasking are that it may save set-up time, save transportation/communication time, and save on bureaucracy (save on paper, don't have to communicate on paper as much when multitasking.) This lecture says that multitasking is almost the same as miltiskilling, which plays the same role i think with it's same advantages. Flexability, innovation, and communication is enhanced, so i think both these tasks play same role and have same advantages. ~Elizabeth Hagen (Reference: Edward Lazear, [| http://www.geneseo.edu/~stone/personnel/lec7.htm)]
 * · Advantages of Multitasking:**

Some advantages of multitasking would be that it allows people to be able to complete more tasks in less amount of time than if they were to complete each of those tasks one at a time; so it's definitely time efficient. If a person is multitasking within the same subject such as writing notes in class, watching a video about the same subject, and reading an excerpt it allows a person to better comprehend what they are being taught. If a person is able to balance and work on several things at a time then multitasking can help them become very organized which can later help in any work force they enter. According Amanda who speaks of an article written by Freedman, technology has prepared the world for multitasking and in a way has even pressured for it. He believes, that unlike the past where workers would start a project and finish one before they started a new one, today some jobs can get 20 different calls from customers and the employees are required to be able to complete all 20 tasks without upsetting any customers if they are taking to long. Freedman's main point is that multitasking is very helpful in the business world and the purpose for employees is to make their customers happy.
 * Advantages of Multitasking**

Melina Ocampo (Reference: Amanda Sposato, [| http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/141129/the_advantages_of_multitasking.html] ) [ //Good finding!]//

According to a study in 2001, multitasking may actually be counterproductive in some instances (Anderson). Especially with complex tasks, concentration and time is lost when an individual is switching between the various activities. Many activities require one to 'get back in the groove' of doing it which will take time away while its getting started. For example, if I'm answering phone calls, writing an essay, and playing a video game (rather ambitious!) I'll lose time and concentration when I switch from one to the next. When I look back at my essay I have to figure out where I was and what I was writing then I look over to the video game and have to figure out where I was all over again and that's not to mention getting back to my phone conversation or even finding my phone again. Sometimes doing many things at once just isn't efficient and the quality starts to lag behind. ~Amanda Burgess (Reference: Anderson, Porter...)
 * · Disadvantages of Multitasking:**


 * · Potentials of Multitasking:**

A new study finds that while doing multiple tasks at once may appear to be more efficient it actually is more time consuming and in some cases poses health risks. "They get tired when they're trying to multitask" and in some cases, a person could ultimately create more work for himself, researcher David Meyer at the University of Michigan said. When people go back and forth between activities, such as browsing the Internet to talking on a cell phone, for example, they are using areas of the brain called prefontal cortex and parietal cortex, Meyer explained. The mental processes involved in switching tasks, however, can take fractions of a second, which add up during multitasking. These fractions of a second can become a health risk, he said, when a driver is talking on a cell phone and loses control of the vehicle. Other health risks of multitasking, Meyer added, include mental burnout, anxiety and depression. Multitasking has become a workplace and even a household buzzword as e-mails, pagers, cell phones and other technological advances push mainstream culture into what critics have sometimes dubbed a 24/7 lifestyle, where people are constantly "on" 24 hours a day and seven days a week. Meyer told UPI he expects this culture to continue and that the growing interest in self-relaxation practices, such as yoga, meditation and T'ai Chi, which emphasize quieting the mind, will become even more popular as people continue trying to juggle multiple tasks at once. ~Taylor Kamin (Apples for health...) [Another source: [| http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/112836/the_hidden_dangers_of_multitasking.html] ]
 * · Threats of Multitasking:**


 * · Other research areas relevant to multitasking?**

Anderson, Porter. "Study: Multitasking is Counterproductive." CNN. 6 Dec. 2001. 1 Mar. 2008 < [| http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/08/05/multitasking.study/>.]
 * · References**

Apples for Health. (2001). Multitasking Creates Health Problems. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from [| http://www.applesforhealth.com/HealthyBusiness/multihealth3.html.]

Hitti, M. (2006, July 26). Multitasking Hurts Learning//. WebMD, LLC. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from [| http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/20070201/multitasking-hurts-learning]

Multitasking has become part of our everyday life. It is defined as “ the performance by an individual of more than one task at the same time”. It can be used in simple tasks such as listening the radio while typing an email or something more complicated. There are many different strategies for improving human multitasking abilities such as the “cognitive constraint approach”. This approach finds parallels between tasks and uses those parallels to make the tasks simpler. References:  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/  **Human**  _  **multitasking**  and   [| http://actr.psy.cmu.edu/papers/672/p2451.pdf] Sara Sprinkle
 * Human Multitasking **

After reading an article titled "Time magazine: multitasking is bad for you" on site http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060320-6417.html, I have learned that many believe that multitasking is actually bad for the youth of today. The article argues that multitasking is a result of "dysfunctional teenagers and their equally disjointed families." I have to disagree with this statement. I do agree that many working families have teenagers that they rarely interact with and are consumed with their electrical devices. However, to say that multitasking is bad is not a very reasonable thing to say. In this day and age it is important to be able to keep up with your commitments, and many times achieve more than one of those commitments at one time. There are many families who eat dinner in the car on the way to an activity. Parents, as well as their children, are involved in many different activities. I do not believe that it is because parents do not want to spend time with their children, however parents hope to enrich them through activities that they can enjoy. If a student listens to music while studying it is not necessarily bad, it is just that particular students learning style. I will have to say that I disagree with this article because most of the time when I multitask I do not even realize that I am doing it. If a person wants to accomplish a long list of tasks then the tasks must be done together or with the ability to overlap each other.

In 2006 Research has shown that multitasking may make you more productive, but also makes it harder for the brain to learn.Researchers found people had a harder time learning new things when their brains were distracted by something else, like talking or listening to music.In the study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain function and activity while adults (average age, 26) learned a new task.The 14 participants were asked to make predictions after seeing a series of clues about cards with various shapes. With one set of cards, they learned the classification task without any distractions. In the second set, they learned while listening and keeping track of a series of high and low beeps.Reasearch showed that it did hurt the participants ability to remember.Researchers say the results show that learning while distracted or multitasking alters the brain's learning processes and changes the way people learn.

Resource: http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/20070201/multitasking-hurts-learning

The more we multi task the larger are error rate becomes and causes people to lose time, this occurs more due to the complexity of the tasks. To help prevent this you should perform one task at a time to make a better quality results. When using this method it will be found easier to focus on the task at hand and avoid wasting time going back and forth between the tasks. Multitasking can also deprive us of efficiency and job satisfaction. You should decide what is the most important task to complete first. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/112836/the_hidden_dangers_of_multitasking.html?page=3

According to an article on abcnews.com, "The Grand Seduction of Multitasking," multitasking does not really save time and could be a possible threat. Neuroscientist Rene Marois did a study on students asking them to multitask while he examined their brains with an MRI. His conclusion was that brains are not built for mulititasking, "it essentially slows us down," he says. They compare it to a traffic jam in your head - an information traffic jam. This could potentially be dangerous if one happens to be driving while trying to multitask, such as texting or talking on the phone. The brain needs to focus all its attention on one task in order to perform it well. The article also discusses how mulititasking causes lack of productivity at the job. Because people are constantly wanting to multitask, they get off track from their job to check email, instant message, or get onto other websites at the same time. This causes employers to lose time and money. The article suggests that people should stop multitasking so frequently because the outcome could be worth it in the end.

Resource: http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Story?id=3474058&page=1

Although all humans think different, multitaking in a part of our everyday life. Most humans don't know the real meaning of multitasking. Multitasking is The ability to execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program. The terms multitasking and multiprocessing are often used interchangeably, although multiprocessing implies that more than one CPU is involved. CPU meaning central processing unit

I think in this day in age we all need to slow down and listen to our bodies. We are not meant to have all of these gadgets attached to our bodies all the time. This is a direct link to stress and illness. In this high-tech, high-pressure age, multitasking has become a national pastime. No matter where we are or what we're doing, we can always add one more ball to the juggling act. Many people regularly check emails on their Blackberry while talking on the cell phone, pausing only to yell at other drivers.

"Because of all of the new electronic gadgets like cell phones, Palm Pilots, and other personal digital assistants, multitasking has exploded in the last 10 years," says David Meyer, PhD, a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan.


 * Kids and Multitasking**

Children are becoming masters of multitasking especially when the subjects come in forms of media. These students are growing up with the ever changing technological world and are multitasking by adapting new routines into their old. For example, students are incorporating old forms of media such as the television, music/radio and even magazines or books into their new forms and routines such as using computers and playing video games and taking advantage of them at the same time. Despite the ever-growing forms of technology, the average 6 ½ hours of time the children spend using them is remaining constant rather than doubling - this is because children are ‘media multitasking.’

http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia030905nr.cfm